Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Creative Writing (Story beginnings) Essay

A golden haze encircled the angel’s head and its torso glowed dazzling white against the drab dreary wall behind. â€Å"What’s happe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she willed her mouth to finish the sentence but it wouldn’t obey so she gave up. She fought too against the uplifting force taking her away from the slightly damp pavement but as every ounce of resistance drained out of her limbs, she went limp and was completely at its mercy. The final thought that crossed her mind before it succumbed to the black cloud that eventually engulfed her was that she recognised this angel. * Elizabeth Anne Johnson – Lizzie to her friends – was a beautiful girl. With endless jet-black locks flowing down her back and striking features, she looked straight off a catwalk. Tonight she was wearing her favourite pale pink mini-dress with manicured nails and dainty heels to match; and with her perfect figure, she was more than able to carry it off. A combination of her stunning looks and the confidence she exuded made every head turn when she walked past – a fact of which she was well aware. Lizzie had spent all night in Brighton’s new trendiest nightspot â€Å"Heaven†. The place was heaving with bodies bouncing to the thundering beats pounding out of the state of the art stereo system. They were puppets dancing to the tune of the headphone-wearing master in the glass booth above. Fluffy white clouds were suspended from the ceiling, in keeping with the paradisiacal theme, and the strobe lighting completed the effect. The drinks were flowing and the atmosphere was electric – just how Lizzie liked it – and as she cast her chocolate-brown eyes around the dance floor a wave of euphoria swept over her. She felt as though she was perched on top of the world. Already tonight, she had received fifteen requests to buy her a drink – a record even by her standards – and had accepted only one. This was one more than usual though. She may have seemed like the happy-go-lucky type but appearances can be deceptive and she was quite the opposite. Lizzie, a seasoned partygoer, was extremely cautious, especially after the letters†¦ Nevertheless, against her better judgement, she was drawn in by the hypnotic charms of this blonde-haired stranger and felt powerless to resist. His eyes were bottomless pools of baby blue and he had a passive, peaceful presence – she trusted him immediately and completely. She began chatting to him and it suddenly dawned on her that she was telling her life story to a total stranger but she pushed the thought out of her mind just as quickly as it had surfaced. Besides with his crisp white shirt, soft voice and wide grin, he seemed harmless enough. Chapter One (2) The sun was playing hide and seek behind the rows of trees as Detective Flynn drove up to the Heaton mansion. He was filled with the giddy excitement of a man about to change his life. He knew how lucky he was to be here and that this case could potentially make or break his career. Flynn was extremely tall and so scrawny one feared he might blow over in a sudden gust of wind. Through the flaming red curtains flopping over his forehead, intense blue eyes peered out inquisitively. As the mansion came into view for the first time he was awestruck. Beyond the wrought iron gates, it stood large and handsome. It was a huge stone structure with countless windows glinting in the afternoon sun and set in acres of sprawling grounds, of which every inch was flawless. The only thing blemishing this perfect watercolour was the black and yellow police tape running the length of the building. The old rusty Ford Escort coughed and spluttered to a halt in the immaculate courtyard and with an almighty heave Flynn managed to force the door open. As he stepped out gravel crunched beneath his feet. He was dressed in a pair of old faded ‘Marks and Sparks’ jeans and looking around, was suddenly painfully aware of how old and faded they really were. He was also regretting the rest of his wardrobe choice. His slightly off-white shirt had a ‘straight out of the laundry basket’ look and his black leather loafers hadn’t seen a dab of polish since†¦well ever. Despite this, John Heaton greeted Flynn with a warm friendly handshake. The two had been at school together and even though their lives had taken extremely different paths, they had remained the best of friends. As he was being introduced to Heaton’s wife Claudia, the detective couldn’t help but notice how much his friend had changed. A nervous and slightly awkward teenager, John Heaton had become a confident self-assured 35 year-old. He now spoke with the eloquence and poise that only a multi-billionaire could. He was dripping with expensive designer labels – a far cry from the washed out tee shirts and baggy jeans of his adolescence. Money oozed out of his every pore. One thing, however, had definitely not changed. Observing the dreamy look that descended upon his face as he gazed at his wife, Flynn could tell his old chum was still a sucker for a pretty girl. And this was one pretty girl! 15 years his junior, actress Claudia Gilbert-Heaton was a blonde-haired, blue-eyed beauty. Yet, as she tentatively extended her perfectly manicured hand to shake his, Detective Flynn took an instant disliking to her. Her broad smile was almost condescending and didn’t reach her eyes, which were icy and distant. â€Å"I’m so pleased to finally meet you,† she said, looking him up and down, staring pointedly at the ink stain on his shirt pocket. The disdainful look in her eyes betrayed her words and he could tell she was quite the opposite. The reason for this, he would soon discover†¦ Chapter One (3) It screamed at me. Its waving arms taunted me as they jerked up and down and the smiley face was more of a sneering face. At that moment all I wanted to do was shatter it into a thousand pieces but it was so far away and my legs were still sound asleep. I picked a rolled up sock up off the floor and with all the energy I could muster, sat up and launched it. It hit its intended destination with satisfying thud and mercifully, the screaming desisted. Putting the bright yellow, â€Å"Little Miss Sunshine† alarm clock so far out of reach had been a pre-emptive strike by mother against my Sunday morning lie-in. Ha, I thought, she’ll have to think of something better than that! I managed the beginnings of a triumphant grin before, exhausted from my exertions, I slumped onto the lumpy mattress and slid back into a peaceful slumber. Ten minutes later I heard the sprightly purposeful pounding that could only be her bounding up the stairs. She burst through the door, wearing her mechanical cheery smile. â€Å"Morning love, sleep well? Why aren’t you up yet, I heard the alarm go off ages ago?†Ã¢â‚¬  she asked, ruffling my unruly brown curls. She then marched over to the window, with unnatural liveliness considering the time and spread the curtains wide. â€Å"Oh Mum, it’s too bright,† I mumbled in complaint, raising an arm to shield my bleary eyes from the light. She ignored me. â€Å"I sometimes think you wouldn’t know an early morning if it came up and bit you on the behind. Now get up, I’m sure you’ve plenty of work to do today and we don’t want you falling behind now do we?† she chirped, practically, it seemed, in unison with the birds outside. â€Å"I need sleep,† I whined, yearning for some pity. It didn’t come. â€Å"You shouldn’t let sleep get in the way of things. Heaven knows I don’t; I can’t. What would happen if I did? Nothing would get done around here – that’s what!† she tutted and continued with renewed vigour, â€Å"Goodness, look at the state of this room! I’m sure you’ve forgotten what colour the carpet is! This is not a positive working environment. How on earth can you get anything done in here?† She asked and without pausing for an answer, delved into the abyss that was my bedroom floor. She began sorting tidying and organising like an unstoppable whirlwind of efficiency, her neat blonde bob bouncing up and down. I merely lounged on the bed and watched on in amazement. Within minutes she had transformed the cluttered chaotic mess into a tidy, orderly bedroom. When she finished, she stood up, brushed some imaginary specks of dirt from her skirt and staring at my sprawled out figure, flashed me the look. Oh no, I groaned inwardly. It was the I-am-so-disappointed-you-didn’t-turn-out-more-like-me look. This look was always followed by a stream of criticisms, of which most, to be fair, were usually quite accurate. I sighed and braced myself for the oncoming tirade. Literary Analysis of Story Beginning (1) When writing my own story opening, I tried to use techniques that would make the reader want to read on. For example, I described the main character’s appearance in detail so that the reader would be able to form a mental picture of her. Just from the first few paragraphs, the reader knows that she is â€Å"a beautiful girl† with â€Å"endless jet black locks† and â€Å"chocolate brown eyes†. The effect of this is to make the reader relate to her with empathy rather than objectivity because they feel they know her. I also tried to show her personality was sweet and kind. Her clothes and shoes are â€Å"powder-pink† and â€Å"dainty†. I also mentioned that she â€Å"seemed like the happy-go-lucky type†. I did this so the reader would like her and be affected by anything that may happen to her. I included her full name â€Å"Elizabeth Anne Johnson† so that the reader would feel like they were getting a complete picture of her. However, for the rest of the opening, I referred to her as Lizzie. This created a bond between the reader and the character because she is â€Å"Lizzie to her friends† so the reader feels like her friend. It is written in the 3rd person narrative so the reader can get a full overview of all the events in the story. The narrative structure deviates. This creates suspense, as there is no development of the action in the first paragraph in the rest of the opening. I purposely created a huge contrast between the eerie and spooky first paragraph and the rest of the opening, which seems like an ordinary night out, by using varying degrees of character and event description. In the first paragraph I did not use any description at all and just used non-specific terms like â€Å"she†. This was to create mystery and apprehension. In sharp contrast to this, I fully described character and events in the rest of the story. I began with telling the reader her full name so they felt they were being formally introduced. I then went on to describe her appearance, clothes what she is doing: â€Å"tonight she was wearing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"She had spent all night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  because I did none of this in the first paragraph. I did however make some links. For example, in the first paragraph, the words â€Å"angel†, â€Å"uplifting† and â€Å"glowed† are used. In the rest of the opening, the words â€Å"Heaven†, â€Å"fluffy white clouds† and â€Å"euphoria† are used. This is to create a link between the two parts of the story and establish an ongoing theme of heaven and the supernatural. I also used a sense of vulnerability to link the two main characters. With the girl in the first paragraph it is obvious. I used carefully chosen vocabulary. â€Å"She willed her mouth†¦it wouldn’t obey† shows that she isn’t even in control of her own body. â€Å"She fought to against the uplifting force†¦was completely at its mercy†, â€Å"her mind†¦succumbed to the black cloud that eventually engulfed her†. Also the word succumbed is quite passive. However the vulnerability in Lizzie’s character is subtler. At the end, she is â€Å"drawn in† by the stranger and feels â€Å"powerless to resist†. This links Lizzie and the girl but also â€Å"the angel† and â€Å"the stranger† because they hold the power in the respective relationships. I think the links make the reader want to read on because it’s like giving them some pieces of a puzzle. They can see some of the picture so they read on so they can find the rest of it. To create further curiosity, the phrase â€Å"especially after the letters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is not explained at any point in the opening, forcing the reader to form their own opinion. The fact that she was â€Å"extremely cautious especially after the letters† makes the letters seem sinister and let the reader know they were a cause for concern. I used ellipsis at the end so show it is an unfinished thought and an unanswered question. I carefully chose vocabulary to foreshadow dramatic events. For example, ‘on top of the world’ is a well-known phrase, which means in a position of great happiness or success. However I used the phrase â€Å"perched on top of the world† in my story opening. The word perched suggests instability and precariousness so implies that her happiness may be short lived. I also used the progression of time to create effect. The story begins with the girl trying to speak and then finally collapsing â€Å"†¦she willed her mouth to finish the sentence but it wouldn’t obey†¦succumbed to the black cloud that was threatening to engulf her† and then goes to a lively vibrant scene. I did this so the scene would seem like a flashback or a dream – as we know the main character is unconscious. The strobe lighting in the scene adds to the dream-like quality. I tried to create an image of the setting (the club) being beautiful and pure. I did this by calling it â€Å"heaven† and using description like â€Å"fluffy white clouds†. I then used words like â€Å"heaving with bodies† â€Å"thundering beats† and â€Å"pounding† when describing the people and what they are doing to create a contrast. I did this to imply that clubbing itself is innocent enough but the people make it dangerous. I used alliteration in several places for effect. â€Å"†¦drab dreary wall† emphasises how dull and grey the wall in contrast â€Å"dazzling white† of the angel, to to make it stand out more. In â€Å"bodies all bouncing to the thundering beat†, the ‘b’ sound is repeated to try and mirror the beat of the music. I used the phrases â€Å"bottomless pools of baby blue† and â€Å"passive, peaceful presence† because they are quite soft sounds and I wanted to make the stranger seem calm and therefore contrast with the setting, which is â€Å"electric†. I used a metaphor â€Å"They were puppets dancing to the tune of the headphone-wearing master in the glass booth above† because it emphasises the submissive nature of the clubbers and the idea of a person wielding power over someone else. The issue of power is explored in many different parts of the story. I also used repetition. The word seemed is used at the end the last paragraph. â€Å"She may have seemed like the happy-go-lucky type but appearances can be deceptive and she was quite the opposite† and â€Å"he seemed harmless enough†. This is to suggest that just because the stranger seems harmless he â€Å"may be quite the opposite† and to foreshadow him doing something harmful in the future. I put it in italics both times to add emphasis and draw the reader’s attention to it. In conclusion, I think the techniques I used were effective because there are unanswered questions right at the beginning, which are never answered and this appeals the curiosity of the reader, making them want to read on.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Lower the U.S. Drinking Age

2-27-12 I. Introduction: †¢ All around the world many people drink alcohol for many different Occasions. There are drinks at parties, bars, clubs and even your home. You can find alcohol just about everywhere in the United States. Around the world there are many different age requirements in order to drink or buy alcohol. The majority of countries around the world have a set age minimum of eighteen years of age. So why is our drinking age 21? †¢ Why is this important to us? We are all college students and everybody knows that there is underage drinking one way or another. Professor Ruth C. Engs from Indiana University states â€Å"The legal drinking age should be lowered to about 18 or 19 and young adults allowed to drink in controlled environments such as restaurants, taverns, pubs and official school and university functions. † †¢ I believe that the legal drinking age in the United States should be lowered to the ages of 18 or 19. The reason it should be lower ed is because college students will drink at least once during their first year of college. Legally, at the age of eighteen we are granted the rights of adults.And finally, by forbidding teens to not drink that forces them to drink in unsafe places. II. College students drink! †¢ College students will always drink! According to alcohol101. com 72% of all college students drink alcohol. 69% of the total 72% are underage drinkers. †¢ If the legal drinking age was lowered to 18 then drinking in college will not be as big as it is now. It would still occur but not as much as it does now. †¢ By lowering the drinking age, college students will be able to drink in safer places such as bars or clubs, instead of house parties or other places.Now that I’ve talked about college students drinking I will now move onto how at the age of 18 the U. S. calls us â€Å"adults†. III. Considered â€Å"adults† †¢ At the age of 18 in the United States we are consid ered â€Å"adults† and obtain all the rights and responsibilities of being adults. At this age we can now vote, sign up for the armed forces, and buy cigarettes. However we cannot buy or consume alcohol legally until 3 years later. †¢ If we are already considered as adults at the age of 18 then why can we not lower the drinking age?Now that I have talked about being adults but not being able to buy alcohol at the age of 18, I’m going to talk about now how drinking at unsafe environments is harmful. IV. Unsafe Drinking Environments †¢ Because the legal drinking age is 21, that forces college students, mainly freshman, to drink at house parties where they do not know what they are drinking at times. †¢ Drinking at house parties seems fun, however it could go bad in many ways. Since freshman cannot buy alcohol they resort to free alcohol at parties, which could be very dangerous because they will be unaware of any thing that could be put inside their drink. Setting the drinking age to 18 would allow these college students to purchase their own drinks and they will for sure know what they bought and it would be closed therefore letting them know it is safe to consume. V. Conclusion †¢ To recap on my speech; the drinking age should be lowered to the age of 18 in the United States. Not only is that the most popular age to drink around the world it is a very reasonable age. By changing the drinking age to 18 then we can really be considered as adults and will be responsible for our own actions.

Li-Fi Technology Essay

I. Introduction Li-Fi or Light Fidelity is a technology that uses light emitting diodes to transmit data wirelessly. It was first demonstrated at a TED talk in 2011 by German physicist Harald Haas. This is a free band that does not need any license. Hence it is cheaper than Wi-FI. Wi-Fi, is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet  wirelessly using radio waves the visible light spectrum is larger than the radio spectrum which provides better flexibility in its use. Communications over a very high speed with a theoretical limit of 10 GB per second. The technology is capable of transferring thousands of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, at higher speeds, with the help of special modulation, using a unique signal processing technology. The term Li-Fi was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. â€Å"At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light-e mitting diodes†, says Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh, UK,† Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0,†Haas says, â€Å"They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted data†. Fig.1 Harald Haas It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. With the use of light radiating diodes Li-Fi technology transfers data through wireless. Li-Fi is a new exemplar for photosensitive wireless technology to provide unprecedented connectivity within a localized data centric environment. There has been a complete shift in wireless technology due to increase demand Li-Fi is such a free band which is license free that is why it is less at cost than Wi-Fi. With the use of special intonation using a distinctive signal processing technology thousands of streams of data can be transferred simultaneously at higher speed. Li- Fi is useful in aircraft because the lights present above head can be used for data transmission. It is useful in controlling traffic at traffic signals as it communicates with LED li ghts of cars. Where there is difficult to amateur optical fibers LI-Fi is used. The new Li-Fi technology can be well managed very easily and it is pretty simple. At one corner you will be having a led which will be working as a light source and on the other corner a Light Sensor or a photo detector. Light Sensor detect light as soon as the LED light starts glowing and will give an output of either binary1 or binary0. [pic] Fig.2 Li-Fi Environment If the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. What is VLC? Visible light communication (VLC)-â€Å"A potential solution to the global wireless spectrum shortage† Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi, the technology of which is based on Visible Light Communication (VLC).VLC is a data communication medium, which uses visible light between 400 THz (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) as optical carrier for data transmission and illumination. It uses fast pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. Li-Fi Technology at a Glance! The LED bulb will hold a micro-chip that will do the job of processing the data. The light intensity can be manipulated to send data by tiny changes in amplitude. This technology uses visible spectrum of light, a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized. In fact the technology transfers thousands of streams of data simultaneously, in parallel, in higher speeds with the help of special modulation, using a unique signal processing technology. Some Points of Li-Fi The light used to transmit the data is called D-light by Harald Hass, the inventor of Li-Fi. In future data for laptops, Smartphone’s, and tablets can be transmitted through the light in a room by using Li-Fi. Security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data. II. CONSTRUCTION The LI-FI product consists of 4 primary sub-assemblies: †¢ Bulb †¢ RF power amplifier circuit (PA) †¢ Printed circuit board (PCB) †¢ Enclosure The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions. An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light. All of these subassemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure †¢ FUNCTION OF THE BULB:- At the heart of LI-FI is the bulb sub-assembly where a sealed bulb is embedded in a dielectric material. This design is more reliable than conventional light sources that insert degradable electrodes into the bulb. The dielectric material serves two purposes; first as a waveguide for the RF energy transmitted by the PA and second as an electric field concentrator that focuses energy in the bulb. The energy from the electric field rapidly heats the material in the bulb to a plasma state that emits light of high intensity and full spectrum. The design and construction of the LI-FI light source enable efficiency, long stable life, and full spectrum intensity that is digitally controlled and easy to use. â€Å"There are over 14 billion light bulbs worldwide, they just need to be replaced with LED ones that transmit data†. III. HOW LI-FI WORKS? [pic] Fig. 3 block diagram of Li-fi communication In order to know the working of Li-fi we need to know the necessity for Li-fi .With the vast development in living the use of gadgets and invention of new gadgets is increasing which lead to the technological developments. There are many situations in which people get frustrated with the dull performance signals of Wi-Fi at a place with many network connections in seminars conferences etc. Li fi fulfils these needs .this fantabulous idea first  striked the mind of Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK, in his TED Global talk on VLC.His idea was very simple that if the LED is â€Å"on† then the digital 1 can be transmitted and if the LED is off† then the digital 0 can be transmitted. LED’s can be switched on and off very quick. For transmitting data this way all that we require is LED’s and controller that code data into Led’s. Parallel data transmission can be done by using array of LED’s or by using red, green, blue LED’s to a lter light frequency with the frequency of different data channel. Advancements and enhancements in this field generate a speed of 10 gbps! But amazingly fast data rates and lowering band widths are not the only reasons that enhance this technology. Li-fi usually is based on light and so it can be probably implemented in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to inference from radio waves .Unlike Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can work even under-water which makes it more advantageous for military operations. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in data transmission called Li- Fi. Light emitting diodes can be switched on and off very much faster than the human eye allowing the light source to appear continuously. The data transmission is done through binary codes which involve switching on LED can be done by logic 1 and switch off using logic 0.The encoding of information in light can therefore be identified by varying the rate at which the LED’s flicker on and off to give strings of 0’s and 1’s.visible light communication is this method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly. To further get a grasp of Li-Fi consider an IR remote. It sends a single data stream of bits at the rate of 10,000-20,000 bps. Now replace the IR LED with a Light Box containing a large LED array. This system is capable of sending thousands of such streams at very fast rate. Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. T he visible light spectrum is unused; it’s not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds. IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN LI-FI & WI-FI LI-FI is a term of one used to describe visible light communication technology applied to high speed wireless communication. It acquired this name due to the similarity to WI-FI, only using light instead of radio. Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs for the transfer of data. The transfer of the data can be with the help of all kind of light i.e. Light may be Invisible, Ultraviolet or Visible part of spectrum. The speed of the internet is incredibly high and the user everything in just a few minutes. V. ADVANTAGES †¢ Capacity †¢ Availability †¢ Efficiency †¢ High Security †¢ Easy To Use †¢ Fast Data Transfer †¢ Harmlessness †¢ Low-cost VI. DISADVANTAGES: Still there are some backdrops like it can only transmit When in the line of sight well it can be sorted †Visible-light communication: Tripping the light Fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is coming†, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012 out someday I hope. â€Å"There has been a lot of early hype, and there are some very good applications†. VII. APPLICATIONS 1. Education systems As with the advancement of science the latest technology is the LIFI which is the fastest speed internet access service. So this will leads to the replacement of WIFI at institutions and at companies so that all the people can make use of LIFI with same speed intended in a particular area. 2. Extends our life span As operation theatres do not allow WIFI due to radiation concerns. Usage of WI-FI at hospitals interferes with the mobile and pc which blocks the signals for monitoring equipments. Therefore the replacement for this Wi-Fi is Li-Fi as Hass has mentioned in his TED TALK that LIFI has 10,000 times the spectrum of Wi-Fi. Because the lights are not only al-lowed in operation theatres but also the most dazzling fixtures in the room. 3. Reduction in accident numbers At traffic signals, we can use LIFI in order to communicate with LED lights of the cars by the number of accidents can be reduced. Data can be easily transferred by making use of LIFI lamps with the street lamps. 4. Replacement for others technologies This technology doesn’t deal with radio waves, so it can easily be used in the places where Bluetooth, infrared, WIFI and Internet are banned. In this way, it will be most helpful transferring medium for us. It includes other benefits like: †¢ *A very wide spectrum over visible wave length range. †¢ * Extremely high colour fidelity. †¢ *Instant start time. †¢ *Easy terminal Management. †¢ *Dynamic dark i.e. brightness Modulation of lamp output to enhance video contrast. †¢ *Trouble-free integration into existing light engine platform. †¢ Li-Fi is the upcoming and on growing technology acting as competent for various other developing and already invented technologies. Since light is d major source for transmission in this technology it is very advantageous and implementable in various fields that can’t be done with the Wi-Fi and other technologies. Hence the future applications of the Li-Fi can be predicted and extended to different platforms like education fields, medical field, industrial areas and many other fields. VIII. CONCLUSION The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If this technology can be put into practical use, every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot to  transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward the  cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing number of people and their many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless is not allowed such as aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in direct line of sight. CONCLUDING REMARKS: †¢ Overcomes the limitations of radio spectrum †¢ High speed of 10 Gbps can be achieved †¢ Lifi can solve the foressential problems of wireless communications these days IX. REFERENCE 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi 2. http://gimt.edu.in/clientFiles/FILE_REPO/2012/NOV/23/1353645362045/69.pdf 3. http://www.collegelib.com/t-li-fi-technology-seminar-report-abstract.html  4. the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/Li-Fi-internet-at-the speed- of-light/ 5. http://the-gadgeteer.com/2011/08/29/li-fi-internet-at-the-speed-of-light/ 6. http://www.oledcom.com/FR/Press%20release%20MWC2013.pdf 7. ill Li-Fi be the new Wi-Fi?, New Scientist, by Jamie Condliffe, dated 28 July 2011. 8. http://www.eiccit.org/Proceedings/LI-FI%20the%20Latest%20Technology%20in%20Wireless.pdf 9. †Visible-light communication: Tripping the light fantastic: A fast and cheap optical version of Wi-Fi is coming†, Economist, dated 28Jan 2012 10. http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Li-Fi

Monday, July 29, 2019

Druq design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Druq design - Essay Example Inside the cell, the HIV reverse transcriptase converts the viral RNA into DNA; this DNA is transported into the cell nucleus where it is inserted into the human genome by the HIV integrase enzyme. The HIV DNA may lie dormant, but is later expressed for the synthesis of new HIV proteins and enzymes. The HIV protease is active at this stage of the life cycle where its role is to cut long protein strands to form viral cores. The development of the pathogenic effects of HIV is characterized by the interaction between viral and host factors. A broad spectrum of antiviral strategies was developed for each step of the viral replication cycle. Every stage in the life cycle, and every gene product of HIV is a potential target. Host proteins that are recognized to have an essential role in the viral life cycle are also targets of HIV therapy (Nielsen, Pedersen, & Kjems, 2005). As of 2007, more than 20 anti-HIV drugs have been approved (De Clerq, 2007). The drugs block the enzyme activity of any of the enzyme that HIV needs to replicate inside host cells: reverse transcriptase, protease, fusion inhibitors, and lately integrase inhibitors. The norm is to utilize highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which combines two or three drugs to overcome the development of drug resistant targets. Nevertheless, multi-drug resistant HIV continue to develop due to the high viral mutation rates. Integrase is the chosen target for the drug to be designed for HIV treatment; it facilitates the insertion of the double-stranded DNA copy of the HIV RNA genome into the host genome, an absolute requirement for viral replication (LaFemina, et al., 1992). Integration of the HIV DNA requires 3 processing of the final two bases of the viral DNA long terminal repeat (LTR), and DNA strand transfer activity. HIV integrase was found to be composed of several multimers with functional domains sufficient for 3 processing and

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Stock Price and Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Stock Price and Information - Essay Example This will benefit existing shareholders.however; the potential new shareholders are not stupid. They will infer overvaluation from the new issue, thereby bidding down the stock price on the announcement date of the issue. So, for the information asymmetry stock price is raised.therefore, information affects stock price in many way. There is substantial evidence of short-term stock price continuation, which the prior literature often attributes to investor under reaction to new information. 1 By information uncertainty, it is meant that ambiguity with respect to the implications of new information for a firm's value, which potentially stems from two sources: The volatility of a firm's underlying fundamentals and poor information. Here, main hypothesis is that if investors under react to public information, they will under react even more in cases of greater information uncertainty. The testable implication is that greater information uncertainty about the impact of news on stock value leads to higher expected stock returns following good news but lower expected stock returns following bad news relative to the returns of stocks about which there is less information uncertainty. ... Several papers including Chan, Jegadeesh, and Lakonishok (1996) attribute price continuation to a gradual market response to information. Hirshleifer (2001) and Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (1998, 2001) posit that psychological biases are increased when there is more uncertainty. New information is public, easily categorized as good or bad, and occurs fairly frequently. There are six proxies for information uncertainty: Firm size, firm age, analyst coverage, dispersion in analyst forecasts, return volatility, and cash flow volatility.2 For each of the six proxies, greater information uncertainty leads to relatively lower future stock returns following bad news and relatively higher future returns following good news, suggesting that uncertainty delays the flow of information into stock prices. In other words, the market reaction to new information is relatively complete for low-uncertainty stocks, and there is little news-based return predictability. For high-uncertainty stocks, on the other hand, the market reaction is far from complete. Good news predicts relatively higher future returns and bad news predicts relatively lower future returns. This relation between information of uncertainty and future returns has used in prior empirical studies. Further assu rance that is missing risk factors does not drive the results by documenting a similar return pattern around subsequent earnings announcement dates. The opposite effects of information uncertainty on stock returns following good vs. bad news amplify the results of trading strategies. As a result, trading strategies that buy good-news stocks and short bad-news stocks work particularly well when limited to high-uncertainty stocks. For example, a momentum

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Research the case of Corona Extra Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research the of Corona Extra - Case Study Example From the distribution strategy Corona Extra was able to penetrate into the US market through taking the advantage of locals’ knowledge on market (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Consequently, Corona Extra obtained market autonomy thus the current market position within US market. Mexico and USA differ significantly in terms of culture, demographic, and market conditions. While family is the first priority in Mexico, the Americans considered family second after work. In terms of religion, Mexicans are traditionally Roman Catholics while America has mixed religions. What’s more, Mexicans are very nationalistic unlike Americans who are very patriotic. Market conditions in US are flexible as compared to the rigid market conditions experienced in Mexico (Walker et al., 2003). After all, Walker et al. (2003) confirm that Mexicans make buying decision based on family backgrounds while Americans make buying decisions on individuals’ needs, wants, and preferences. The distribution strategy used by Group Modelo to penetrate Corona Extra into US market was an effective and efficient strategy. Continue domestic production ensured that the firm did not incur additional expenses in putting up production unit in America hence efficiency in the strategy. On the other hand, use of locals was effective since they had information about the market (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Beer Institute, Beer Tax Facts (2008). The economic and societal impacts of state and federal taxed on beer. Retried on April 7, 2012 from http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/economics/144372/ Brewers fear end to beer import

Friday, July 26, 2019

Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa and implication to US National Essay

Food Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa and implication to US National Security - Essay Example In this regard, the Sub-Saharan Africa is the most hit by conflicts that can be associated with food insecurity. The conflicts that often emerge because of food insecurity tend to destroy local economies. As a result, there is forced migration, creation of refugee populations, emergent of diseases such as cholera and the collapse of social institutions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, food insecurity has contributed to civil wars, communal conflicts, and democratic breakdowns1. Where there is a conflict, other issues prop up, and they influence how people express their discontent with the lack of food security. Such factors are context specific and include demographic, social, political and economic factors. As a region that is still developing, the Sub-Saharan Africa relies on the Western countries for support to improve their institutions. In this regard, a major developed country that plays a key role in promoting social, political and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa is the Unit ed States. However, as the problem of food insecurity continues to persist in the region, the United States finds itself involved in solving African conflicts2. As a result, it is plausible for food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa to have an implication on United States national security and the military respectively. In most Sub-Saharan Africa countries, food insecurity is a major issue and is often a result of scarce resources such as water and land. In the search for these scarce commodities, communal conflicts often emerge and can escalate to a civil war particular when the government supports one warring faction in the conflict. An example in this sense is the Darfur conflict that escalated into a civil war and displaced millions. Further, an increase in food prices creates conflict because, high food prices erode real income and the affected in extreme cases, are driven to drastic measures that include

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Discuss The Role Of Procedure In Managing Both Individual And Essay

Discuss The Role Of Procedure In Managing Both Individual And Collective Conflict In Organisations - Essay Example The word discipline is ingrained in the word disciple and is consequently best understood as a procedure free of threats, mortification, and embarrassment. The objective of the employee discipline is twofold: A review of the literature on discipline procedure discloses an abundance of different discipline procedures, some advising that immediate, consistent consequences for "misbehaviour" are warranted, some recommending the importance of positive discipline, some warning against punishments and praise, and still others recommending the importance of making employees aware of the consequences for rule violations. (Tobin, 2000) Most of the discipline procedures can be grouped into two categories: systems-centred and principle-centred. In the systems discipline procedure, the organisation has a preset list of rules, and senior officials of management are expected to take action when the rules are violated. Consequences are prescribed and are to be administered in the same manner to all violators, without regard to the situation or the person or whether they produce a change in behaviour. An example of this discipline procedure is the zero tolerance discipline procedure enforced in many conflict systems across the nation. Organizations using this discipline procedure to operate on a set of principles or values, which are disseminated to members of management, and rules based on these principles, are developed. Senior officials of management are expected to respond when any of the rules are violated. Discipline, on the other hand, is individualized and supported by the situation and the individual(s) involved. Advantages and Disadvantages of Disciplinary Procedures There are number of advantages and disadvantages of disciplinary procedures. Some of them are disciplinary procedure takes employees away from 1) solemn dishonesty, such as burglary of property, deliberate misrepresentation of salary or expenses claims for pecuniary advantage, misrepresentation of any in sequence given in applying for a post and failure to disclose criminal convictions where required to do so; 2) thought-out refusal to carry out a reasonable, lawful and safe instruction; 3) Wilfully pay no attention to responsibilities or instruction thereby placing other members of staff in danger; 4) Gross carelessness in failing to attend or carry out the duties of the post; thereby causing intolerable loss, damage or injury; 5) Being out of shape to carry out duties associated with the post as a result of taking alcohol or other drugs; 6) Acts of violent behaviour or vandalism in the itinerary of employment; g) Sexual misbehaviour at work. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bargaining and Negotiating Procedures The effective-negotiation system complements the management process in other ways, which suggest that it could be the operational vehicle for intraorganisational bargaining. For instance, organizational staffing and

Holocaust - Dr. Mengele Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Holocaust - Dr. Mengele - Research Paper Example According to the discussion it it is clear that apart from millions of victims, the Nazi holocaust had its own heroes, martyrs and villains. Dr. Joseph Mengele is one of the most hated villains of that epoch. History describes Dr. Mengele as â€Å"the SS physician at Auschwitz†, and â€Å"the angel of death.† He was a doctor, who conducted cruel medical experiments on hundreds of Jewish prisoners during the period when he was stationed at the notorious Nazi concentration camp, Auschwitz that killed thousands of Jews by burning them alive in mass gas chambers and crematoria. He conducted weird and cruel clinical experiments on the Jewish prisoners as if they were guinea pigs. The most intriguing aspect of his personality was his utter indifference towards others’ suffering, and the way he even did not spare children as objects of his experiments.This paper stresses that the paradox presented by the personality of Dr. Mengele has intrigued the world ever since the cruelties of the holocaust came out in public. But the best way to remember this person would be as a reminder that, given such odd circumstances of fascist mass hostility, even the normal human being is capable of inflicting unbecoming cruelties on fellow humans. And more significantly, it has to be understood that in such a circumstance, a person with even a slight psycho-pathetic mindset could turn into a real and grave danger to humanity-Hitler being the number one example for this.   But when perused from closer premises, the Nazi mindset can be understood as an outcome of ideological frenzy overpowering all humane feelings and responses, a dangerous human possibility indeed, that was revealed before our eyes through the Nazi holocaust, as never revealed before. Here the term, ideology can be understood as â€Å"any idea or set of ideas that provides a prescriptive view of life.†16 An ideology can either be â€Å"a formalized and presumably conscious world view† or it can simply be â€Å"unconscious shared group fantasies, which have the power to charge up the entire group with sufficient energy to trigger unified mass action.†17 In this context, Dr. Mengele has to be understood not as a rare exception

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

1. Discuss the significance of Valley Forge Essay

1. Discuss the significance of Valley Forge - Essay Example Conditions in the Valley Forge were poor and inhumane. Many men suffered hunger, cold, and diseases, and eventually many of them died2. Amid the underlying challenges in the valley, the troops, under the command of General Washington, stayed committed to their goal. It is this persistence and resilience that would eventually make the American Revolution a dream-come-true. The course of liberty remained true and alive in their hearts. The continental army’s immense suffering in the Valley Forge kept them expectant that things would get better. Against all odds, Valley Forge provided the troops with an opportunity to train, reorganize, and get ready to face the British. The army had eventually secured help and support that allowed it to embark to the revolutionary pursuit. In this respect, Valley Forge was a defining factor of the course that American Revolution would take after June, 1778. Essentially, Valley Forge had taught the troops that what awaited them was not a walk in the park. In conclusion, the success of the American Revolution was partially attributed to Valley Forge. Even though troops had suffered and died in the valley, the dream of a liberal America remained alive. North American break off the British Empire received a vital boost from the mature army that emerged from Valley Forge. Suffering, sacrifice, freedom, and liberty characterized the Valley Forge troop activity in the light of the American

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Chagas Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chagas Disease - Essay Example More commonly, it is referred to as paleoparasitology (Ferreira et al., 2000). The discovery of the presumed parasite in the human remains is then extrapolated to the present relationship between the host and the parasite Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The reservoir exists in wild amongst various animal species constituting the sylvatic cycle (Afuderheide et al., 2004). The vector for its transmission is reduviid bug (family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae). These insects hide in the crevices, nests or human dwellings in case of domestic cycle and emerge at night to feed upon the blood of their prey (Afuderheide et al., 2004). The infection is caused by rubbing of the bitten area where the parasite deposits the faecal matter (Afuderheide et al., 2004). This leads to entry of the parasite into the blood stream from the breached skin or conjunctiva. Parasitemia may lead to acute manifestations of myocarditis or meningoencephalitis that have a mortality rate of 10% (Afuderheide et al., 2004). The disease may progress to a chronic stage characterised by flare up of febrile episodes and progressive damage to myocardium or gut leading to dilated cardiomyopathy or segmental paralysis of parts of gastrointestinal system respectively (Afuderheide et al., 2004). Researchers to study the archaeological remains for the evide... These findings were supplemented by discovery of dwellings made of mud bricks, which is a common habitat of these bugs.Molecular studies included immunochemical methods and electron microscopy. Histological sections have also demonstrated the parasite even in desiccated mice tissue (Bastos et al. 1996). However, the most vital tool that has enabled the authors to draw important inferences regarding the evolution and epidemiology of Chagas disease is the extraction and amplification of DNA segments of T. cruzi from mummified tissues.Origin of samples: Atacama Desert with its dry hot winds and arid climate has been a source of mummified tissues for many researchers (Ferreira et al., 2000; Afuderheide et al., 2004; Guhl et al., 2000). This type of climate favours the preservation of body tissues in a dehydrated form and nearly arrests its decomposition. Moreover, this geographical region coincides with the distribution of the disease, along coastal region of South America in Peru and Chile. South American natives buried their dead in shallow sandy soils that led to preservation of tissues in a desiccated mummified form Laboratory techniques: This desiccated tissue is rehydrated and pulverised and DNA is extracted. The extracted DNA is then amplified using the Polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA participates in the hybridization process with standardised primers and probes under controlled conditions. Hybridisation of the DNA extracted from the mummified tissue samples with the probe nucleotides constitutes a positive test result. Hybridisation can be identified by gel electrophoresis and analysis of bands by radioisotope techniques. Authentication and sources of error Concern has been raised

Monday, July 22, 2019

Euphoria Case Study Essay Example for Free

Euphoria Case Study Essay Human life as we know has been proven better with a scientific discovery created through the efforts of Pseudoscience Research Inc. (PRI), a conglomerate pharmaceutical corporation responsible for other life-changing advances in modern biological science and technology today. This new discovery is guaranteed to improve the quality of life for most people and would eventually establish a harmonious society human beings aspire for since time immemorial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a lavish ceremony held at the offices of PRI, the miracle drug was unveiled to wide public acclaim. It was described as one of the most innovative and promising invention of the 22nd century. The drug Euphoria is generally regarded as the most effective and best-selling drug since viagra hit the stores. Euphoria comes from the Greek word euphoros meaning healthy. As what its name espouses, Euphoria aims to improve the lives of the majority of people who live life in constant depression, poverty, and hunger by inducing natural happiness and elation. Indeed, Euphoria changes everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a response to the growing demand in society, PRI started to conduct research on a drug that may well be the biological ubermensch of the masses in order to rid of constant financial, social, and personal problems that the individual has to experience on a daily basis. On July 14, 1971, PRI jumpstarted the research on a new medicine that will biologically eliminate problems and hardships of an individual by developing a pill concentrated with endorphins and other happiness-inducing chemicals that will harmlessly alter the genetic code of the person as well as increase the normal endorphin count of the normal human body. Thus, Euphoria was born. Since the drugs invention, it has been tested on human subjects to adhere to the pre-existing laws on animal welfare in lieu with testing. During the early 90s, PRI was threatened with bankruptcy as the company was openly criticized for making an amoral and immoral drug simultaneously. Mostly pro-life groups rejected the idea of the drug, as it did not value human life while intellectuals criticized it as something that is atrocious since it takes out choice of a person to be miserable. But it was a famous Hollywood actress who supported the drug and brought PRI into the A-list of corporations in the world today. The three-time Oscar winner actress argued publicly that the drug has helped her made her career and improved her way of life ever since. Consequently, PRI sales on Euphoria went up by 50% in just a year and soon the company made a name for itself as one of the leading brands in healthcare in 2004. Today, Euphoria has replaced painkillers, anti-depressants, and other small-time antibiotics since it completely prevents the user from getting sick. It has been proven effective with absolutely no side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, stomach pains, chest pains, headaches, fever, and death. Since its invention, the drug has been widely-used by the public and from substantial surveys conducted by PRI itself, it has been revealed that almost 95.457% of the population take the drug as an answer to the problems since there are no other drugs that will enable them to be happy and successful. In addition, that percentage also proves the drugs popularity and effectiveness, as it won numerous awards including the Discovery of the Year recognition from Time Magazine. In 2008, the drug established the name of PRI, becoming the worlds foremost conglomerate in medicinal development. Humble Beginnings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The credit with the creation of the phenomenal drug goes to Dr. William Falsetto, a Harvard medicine graduate, who got the sudden inspiration of creating Euphoria during a friendly banter over a couple of beers when his colleague suggested him to create a drug that has a natural high without the side effects rival to that of viagra and morphine. Because of his background as a distinguished alumnus of one of the top universities in the world, his credibility follows with his invention and therefore the drugs eventual success. [1]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He based his assumptions from an empirical laboratory experiment wherein he carefully tested the number of endorphins that the human body produces at a normal rate. After determining such, he further experimented on the subject with three substantive theories. First is to determine the amount of endorphins that a normal body produces when exercising. In a result published in the PRI research journal from 1991, Falsetto concluded that the body gives off 86% more endorphins that stimulate happiness and elation.[2] However, he debunked his theory stating that exercising is not an activity done by majority of the masses and would therefore cause a low selling and marketing rate. The second theory was to determine the amount of endorphins when eating large amounts of chocolate. The result was also promising but Falsetto soon discovered that chocolate-induced happiness is followed by undesirable side-effects such as diabetes and fluctuating sugar levels of the body. The last theory proved to be the most effective as Falsetto discovered that endorphins could be extracted as a solid powder form and could be placed in regular tablets sold. The formula is of course under strict protection of the PRI, NSA, CIA, FBI, EUROPOL and the United Nations, but Falsetto disclosed in a press interview when the drug reached its 10th year of success that it contains naturally-produced endorphins that add to the natural threshold of the human body and it increases happiness that in turn causes motivation, energy, and a positivist attitude. He boldly added that the drug can replace viagra since it also increases the sexual drive of the human body. Because of his background as a Harvard graduate, the credibility of the drug was never compromised when it went on sale since 1995.[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation with the drugs almost monumental failure, the Hollywood actress who still refuses to reveal her identity said that it almost saved her life and career. Since then, PRI inaugurated the celebrated actress as one of the chairpersons of the company and eventually her ascension as the CEO of the company. Her statement reached almost the entirety of Hollywoods royalty and soon, millions of people were convinced of Euphoria. Heads of State and royal families soon followed suit, stating the drugs effectivity and rationality over decision-making, political relationships, and terrorist negotiations. The drug also replaced the harmful and illegal drugs such as cocaine and marijuana since Euphoria induced a natural high without the hallucinogens found in the illegal drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2001, 92% of the world population agreed on the use of Euphoria and consequently stamped out the drugs immoral and unethical issues regarding its use and nature. The test subjects widely accepted the drug[4] since the drug contains natural endorphins, and it follows that it marginally increases elation and happiness feeling for the person. Since happiness and elation are important for personal motivation, the drug then helps in changing the mood of the person as well as affecting change with regards to eating habits and behavior. Also, work production has also been increased since employees are now very happy with their work. Euphoria also replaces viagra as a safe alternative since the drug is naturally produced. With health issues, endorphins also increase the white blood count of the body and therefore prevent the body from acquiring diseases.[5] Majority of the people agree on the drug since it is right for the body and life as well as the right thing to do. Its moral issues were disproved since there are no deaths or accidents that are linked to the drug.[6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1992, there was a worldwide appeal to governments that the standard of living for most of the countries is declining because of unemployment and poverty. However, as soon as Euphoria was introduced to the world, many agree that the drug has saved many lives. It is noteworthy to mention that in one of the political debates in the UN meeting of 2007, the assembly concluded that the quality of life is steadily declining and if the case is not addressed, more human lives are at stake. Either the drug should be globally legalized or the world would continue to degrade in terms of living standards and health issues. Naturally, the drug was finally given worldwide approval during September of that year, and since then, it has been proven effective.[7] However, several pharmaceutical companies rejected the claim of Euphoria to be a universal solution for biological problems. The case went to court, but it was easily dismissed by the ruling that there were no substantive claims to prove that the drug was indeed ineffective. Consequently, it also proved to be the turning point for major and minor drug companies as PRI bought the companies and formed into a multi-national biological research company.[8] Furthermore, since there are contentions with regards the effects of the medicine, it has concluded that the medicines claims are true. Mr. Falsetto received the Nobel Peace prize for Medicine and named one of the 22nd centurys greatest thinkers.[9]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of Euphorias discovery and monumental success, it has been regarded as the drug that saved the world from misery and caused much development in the quality of living for the whole world. There are no more wars, political maneuvering, strife, poverty, and colds. The global quality of life has improved, notable through the many recent milestones in human history such as excessive singing, the development of the cure against AIDS and HIV, and a harmonious societal structure where there is no class struggle and alienation since everybody is equally happy. Thanks to Dr. Willam Falsetoo, the world is now a better place.[10] [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ad Hominem (Argument to the Man) [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Error of Fact [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weak Analogy [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ad Populum (Appeal to the Masses) [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hasty Generalization [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equivocation [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚   False Dichotomy [8]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Appeal to Ignorance [9]  Ã‚  Ã‚   Burden of Proof [10]   Post Hoc (False Cause)

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Observation studying on an autistic child

Observation studying on an autistic child Nowadays, Autism is a very popular topic to discuss. Some biological experts said that genetics can cause autistic problem. Aspergers syndrome is one of them. People who have this syndrome may have normal or highly intelligent compare with other people. This syndrome is difficult to analysis because their intelligent can replace the autistic personality. The objective whose name is Z.H was born in 2004 in a Chinese family; later his parents realized his was not able to verbal. After medical checkup, doctor said Z.H has autism. I appreciate that I have an opportunity to have an interview with a six-year-old boy who has this syndrome. This is an individual assignment due to Z.Hs body and mental condition. For these years, Z.H has been to many developmental therapies and special education to learn some certain manners. The therapies are broken down into several parts; most of them are activities to establish a childs connection between mind and body. My studying is going to break down i nto three main groups. Detail in my proposal: Interview this person and his parents to know his background. Observational Study in this childs behavior. His concentration. Introduction in Autistic problems and theory For over a century, experts argue what causes Autistic problem whether it cause by nature or nurture. If we say it is completely cause by nature, it will relate with neurology and genetic make-up. In recent studying, if family members who have this syndrome, the chance he or her siblings would have this disease approximately 10 to 20 percent. During the world war two, Hans Asperger discovered syndromes which similar with autism, but participants show that they have at least one specialty such as, intelligent in calculating, drawing or playing musical instruments. This syndrome call Aspergers syndrome. Mostly, males suffer from this disease more than female. Nowadays, the hot and controversial topic could be why autistic problems exist in male more than female? In fact, different perspectives view autistic problem in different way. Besides, biological factor, it has Brian cognitive neuroscience to explain autistic problem. In this perspective, they believe autistic problem cause by th e abnormal functioning in the brain such as, hormone imbalance or brain damage. Somehow, in case studying, it still exist the cases who become autistic children by environmental factors such as food nutrition. From 20 century 90s Norway and British experts discover some nutrition will cause or worse the autistic syndrome. For example, the protein which contains Gluten protein and Casein protein will cause the autistic problems; because their body cannot digest or dissolve this kind of protein. But I will not discus in here. Until today, it is still unknown what exactly cause autistic syndrome. In human development, I am going to observe my object whose name is Z.H. The objective whose name is Z.H was born in 2004 in a Chinese family; after two years his parents realized his was not able to verbalize. After medical checkup, doctor said Z.H has autism. For these years, Z.H has been to many developmental therapies and special education to learn some certain manners. The therapies are broken down into several parts; most of them are activities to establish a childs connection between mind and body. In this year, my object is going to be seven years old; he is going to enter the stage call middle childhood. This studying is going to analysis this person in psychosocial, cognitive development. And I will provide some studying data as a reference. Human development: In the first three months to twelve months, you already can tell the difference between autistic infants and other infants who do not have autistic problems. In attachment theory, infants need several steps to form attachment, they are pre-attachment phrase, attachment in making, clear-cut attachment phrase and last one is formation of reciprocal relationship. Infants who do not appear separation anxiety could be autistic infants which was develop in the third phrase-clear-cut attachment. Once they fail to develop in the third stage, so they will not display separation anxiety. However, they still can develop the next stage of attachment-formation of reciprocal relationship. They are able to negotiate with their caregiver, but they develop this concept very lately. And they could not establish the third stage of attachment, so in the fourth stage of attachment child will display wired behavior such as; tend to use non-verbal communication often. For example, Z.H used to hold his moth ers hand to point to the cookies. This means that he wants to eat cookies. Autistic infants also reject to form eye-contact with their parents and strangers. In cognitive development, this stage people develop important sense of object, we call object permanence. In Piagets object permanence experiment, the important thing is not children are able to find a hidden toy or object. It is they develop a sense of expectancy. Expectancy is the basic concept to develop and it would influence logical thinking in cognitive development, which is why some autistic children are highly intelligent even though they fail to develop psychosocial development. Expectancy is a flexible concept, it has multiple functioning. For example, it can also function at psychosocial development to develop sense of empathy, but this hypothesis need to do further research. Cognitive neuroscience approach: Basically, cognitive neuroscience experts come out with three main theories to explain why autistic children could not understand other peoples intention, why they have narrow habits and how does cognitive development influence their behavior. They are the theory of mind, weak central coherence theory and central control functioning theory. To understand other persons thought, belief, and emotion, we called the theory of mind. Unfortunately, these people who suffer from autism spectrum disorder fail to develop this concept. Besides, in infancy and toddlerhood, people develop the sense of empathy. Empathy has the same function with theory of mind. According to neo-Piagetian, they believe theory of mind is a byproduct from hypercognition. Because of these reasons, autistic patient tend to be social isolation due to they do not know what other people think or look at them. In school play time, their playing styles tend to be parallel play; it means that they do not communicate each othe r and play on their own. Although their school teacher arranges cooperative play for them, they still like to play their personal stuff. The other theory says that autism spectrum disorder patients behavior just similar to the patients who have frontal lobe damage. These people weak at central control function. Central control function includes the hypercognition process of the flexible behavior and suppresses inappropriate behavior. This can explain why autism spectrum disorder patients like the unchangeable routine, do the same behavior. In psychoanalytic, they said this kind of behavior exists because they use the defense mechanism-fixation. But Central control functioning theory could not explain why they have intelligent ability in some area. Central coherence theory suggest that our sensory perception percept the whole thing. For example, when we see a picture, normal people would prefer to see the whole thing and then focus on the detail in the picture. However, autistic chil dren would see the picture in detail fast and then focus on the whole picture. In their sensory perception, a part is greater than its sum, we call they have weak central coherence. According to this theory, people designed the experiment to analysis autistic children, such as sea taste like salt and ____. Autistic child would write pepper, because pepper has strong correlation between salt. Overall, the theory of mind can tell us why they are difficult to make friends. Weak central coherence theory tell us why their sensory perception so narrow. However, according to research report, most people who success in field would have autistic syndrome, because they only focus on one thing. People who have autism spectrum disorder would appear these symptoms which I expect to happen 1) repeat behavior exist over time 2) very narrow or persist to one habit 3) insist of old routine 4) using non-verbal communication more often 5) prefer to stay alone 6) very dependent on parents or elders help Interview with Z.Hs mother: DATE: March 24th Time duration: 15 minutes Place: Z.Hs home Q1: When did you discover Z.H has autistic problem? A: we discover he had autistic problem when he is twelve. Q2: When Z.H was infancy, what was his reaction when you move away? A: He will feel uncomfortable and anxious when I move away. Q3: What is his common behavior in the house? A: he used to hang around and jump a lot in the house. After, we went to the therapist, this behavior become less and less. Q4: What does he behave at the school, such as does he have any friends at the school? A: No, he does not have any friends at the school. Q5: Could you tell what kind of playing style he prefers at the school? A: He prefers to play alone. Q6: Does he recognize himself from the mirror? A: Yes, of course. Interview with Z.H: DATE: March 24th Time duration: 15 minutes Place: Z.Hs home Q1: Do you miss me when you see me? A: miss Q2: Can you come here? I want to give you a hug. A: (He really come to my side and let me give him a hug) Note: when I interviewing Z.H, he had difficulty to form an eye-contact communication with me Observational Studying in Occupational Therapy Classroom DATE: January 28th Time Duration: 3 hours Place: classified Number of people in the room: 3 people ( therapist , Z.H, and me) Physical Therapy breaks down into several steps. Mostly, it is designed to train childrens motor movement. Therapists use two rooms to develop Z.Hs motor movement and cognitive development, one is physical therapy class room, and other is monitoring room which means that students learn academic skill from monitor. The sections in cognitive development, therapists guide Z.H to establish recognition, verbalization and sense of hearing. In physical therapy section, therapists also guide Z.H to develop his motor movement in balancing, stimulate in his sensory perception. Meanwhile, they teach some simple commands and morality to Z.H. During this section, I could see Z.H repeat behavior which is jumping.But, I could not say when this behavior exist what was his emotion status, such as happy, angry or depression. Z.Hs Attention through the Observational Studying Since therapy break down into several steps and in different rooms, the result will be break into two: the attention in physical therapy classroom, and monitoring classroom. In physical classroom, there were five components to accomplish basically. And Z.H showed that he could not focus on his task. Because I noticed that he liked to focus on things which he interest in or moving objects. During these components, Z.H tried to operate the radio which was located at the corner. His concentration in physical therapy classroom approximate five to fifteen minutes. The activities in monitoring classroom are break down into three components basically. Therapists let students sit in front of the monitor to learn some simple vocabulary. If students really participate in this section, they finish one level. During the monitoring learning section, Z.H showed his strong interested in monitoring learning. So in this component, I did not see any attention deficit syndrome appear. However, in the s econd component which was not relate with monitor, he show this syndrome again, because I saw he try to operate DVD player for several time. Even though his therapist prohibited him from operating DVD player, he still tried to do so. In this all section, Z.Hs faced the difficulty on concentrating due to he had interested in operating mechanical item. Analysis and Discussion: In the analysis and discussion this section, I should analysis this object and chase back in human development by using the data which I have already collected. Firstly, according to attachment theory Z.Hs case I think it could be counted as an exception if I only use one perspective. He suffered from separation anxiety when he was in infancy stage. However, I do not think it that way. During the interview section, I ask his mother about separation anxiety. The result shows that it is negative (see the interview with Z.Hs mother in question 2). I believe the reason could be mothers self-esteem effect, memory processing problem and personal defense mechanism. In environmental factor to influence this effect, I think it is high social economic status and siblings or familys pressure. But, I will not discuss how social economic status influence high self-esteem in family. I will discuss how siblings and family influence mothers high self-esteem. In her family, Z.Hs problem is very rare and his brothers and sisters do not carry this kind of syndrome. Z.Hs cousins do not have this problem as well. Since, Z.H was analysis he has autistic spectrum disorder, his mother felt very depressed and guilt for a period. This could be a nurture factor to influence mothers reaction to my survey and memory process error. Before I start discussing how nurture factor influence memory, try to answer this question Could you tell me the traffic lights position in Malaysia, is that red light on the top or on the bottom. The same concept to apply memory processing theory, peoples sensory perception is selective. I could assume that Z.Hs mother was stereotypingmost of the infant will get anxious when the mother is moving away from them. She uses that concept to answer my survey or she forgot what Z.Hs reaction when she moved away. Also, her hope and wishes could manipulate her memory, but I will not discuss here. The last reason could be the interview technique that I did not notice. Fir stly, the interview styles that I used tend to be straight forward. Some people may scare about that. The ideal technique should be slow approach. It means that a goal can be divided into several steps to accomplish. For example, I should not have asked the question directly, first thing I should do is to ask the things happen around Z.H to reduce mothers defense. Also, this technique can let his mother chase back his infancy and toddlerhood stage. In other words, I could get a result which is more accurate by using this slow approach technique. Z.H is a six-year-old boy. The stages he went through are infancy and toddlerhood. Since he suffered from separation anxiety, I think I cannot explain Z.Hs behavior and emotion status by using one approach of developmental psychology. Erick Ericksons psychosocial psychology can explain that if I combine with attachment theory. In fact, I assume that the original source of attachment theory is from Erick Ericksons psychosocial. Firstly, at the first stage of psychosocial stage called basic trust and mistrust. It says responsive care giving will let infants form basic trust. I can say Z.H already in basic trust that can explain why he could suffer from separation anxiety. At the interview section (interview with Z.Hs mother question 6 and interview with Z.H question 2 p.6 and 7); I can say Z.H developed a sense of self-awareness and self-consciousness. His mother said he can recognize himself in front of the mirror, and he understood I was talking to him and giving him a command. In cognitive development, Z.Hs situation is that his linguistic development shows delay because he is an autistic child. In the interview (interview with Z.H question1 p.7), I can say his linguistic development stay at one-word speech. This is common problem in autistic children-linguistic delay. Somehow, Z.Hs face social shut down problems because he do not form eye-contact communication with others, and his playing style tend to be parallel play(interview with Z.Hs mother question 5 line14 p.6). The theory of mind explains why he prefers to play alone, because he does not understand what other peoples intention. During the observational studying section, I observed that his repeated behavior is jumping. Actually, repeated behaviors dependent persons personal background. For Z.Hs case is jumping exists over time, in central control functioning theory (intro page5 line 6) can explain this. But if I want to enter further such as why central control functioning theory causes this problem exist; I may need to do further study. Also, he showed a strong interested in operating mechanical items, such as radio and DVD player (observational section p.7 and 8), even though therapist asked him to stop it. Apparently, he has not developed or weak in sense of effortful control, in psychoanalytic approach, his ego still underdeveloped, because his structure of personality still work on pleasure principle-the needs must be satisfied immediately. Frontal lope will be well-developed when people reach early adulthood. It controls our compulsive problems. That is why Z.H insists of operating radio and DVD playe r even though therapist was not allowed. Also, reticular formation controls our attention. It is not surprise to see Z.H face the challenge in attention, because this part of brain will be well-developed after people reach puberty. And, this studying only take one day, some result cannot say accurate. For instance, weak central coherence theory (intro page 5 line12), this theory may require responsive observational studying. Basically, it says in autistic patients their sensory perceptions tend to be more selective. In one sentence, a part is greater than its sum. During the monitoring section, I discovered that Z.Hs problem. Z.H was born in Chinese a family, therefore, his native language is Chinese. In the word matching, therapist said a word or a vocabulary in Chinese to let Z.H to match the word, and the word cards was on the floor. For example, if therapist said stamp, Z.H had to find the card which represent the word stamp. In Chinese pronunciation, each word has different pronunciation. His was able to detect the number of words which was said. For example, if therapist said black broad which translate to Chinese are two words. He would choose the word cards which contain two words in Chinese, but word did not mean black broad. He could choose the word stamp instead. This incidence told me that Z.H is developing a sense of understanding what other people say. But he did it in different manner, in his world, he focus on number of words, not meaning of words. Over all, in the result analysis I discover it is not enough to use only one perspective to explain and analyze human development. Z.Hs case counts as a special case because he was born to be autistic child. The behaviors he occurs are repeated behavior, attention deficit, and delay in linguistic development. Therefore, I use combination of different approaches to analyze Z.Hs case. For example, Erik Eriksons psychosocial combine with attachment theory and effortful control joint with psychoanalytic approach. These approaches have common connection with human development. Conclusion: In this research paper, it focuses on external behavior to explain inner personality or self in human development. However, it still has limitation. For example, I could see what really happen in Z.Hs mind and his cognitive thought. I know this papers weakness could be the motivation and introspective part. What drive Z.H to operate the DVD player, although therapist asked him to stop? The second thing is that expectation problem. I believe in human development, the first cognitive developmental concept that children develop is expectation and then it transform to empathy. However, I have lack of evidences to support this hypothesis. I think may be humans mind is too complex to explain, even if we have fMRI and PET scanner. They only can tell what happen in the brain, instead of what happen in the mind. But, I know one thing is definitely is that Z.H is getting better after he join the physical therapy section. His mother said that he could tell a single word, before he went to thera py. It is not a shame to get autistic spectrum disorder; it is people ignore the existence of the problem. Actually, the number of curing autistic children is increasing. In China, their therapy section is based on make-believe play-role play. It combines with Piagets concept and Banduras social learning theory to cure the children who suffer from autistic spectrum disorder.

Using early warning scores in acute illness assessment

Using early warning scores in acute illness assessment This Assignment is in two parts. Part one will describe how I undertook a literature search on my chosen topic of using early warning scores in acute illness assessment. From this initial search and review of the literature I will select six articles and present them in an annotated bibliography. The purpose of this first part is to demonstrate my literature searching skills by identifying a suitable nursing topic and the key words I will use for my search. It will also demonstrate I can identify different types of literature sources like primary research studies, systematic reviews, narrative reviews, audits and general articles written about the topic I have chosen. . The second part of this assignment will identify a research based article from the six articles I have selected. Part one Topic: Using early warning scores to assist the nurse in identifying patient deterioration in acute illness Key words: cute care- Critical care- early warning score- vital signs Data bases searched: Cinhal; British Nursing Index Number of articles/ literature sources = 402 Six articles were chosen as follows: Article 1. Mohammed, MA (2009) Improving accuracy and efficiency of early warning scores in acute care. British Journal of Nursing. 18(1) 18-24 This article is a report on an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of hand held early warning computer system with the traditional pen and paper method Article 2. Johnstone C, Rattray J and Myers L (2007) Physiological risk factors, early warning systems. British Association of Critical Care Nursing. 12(5) 220-231 This article is a general article that provides background information on the topic of why early warning systems can improve patient care Article 3. Preston R M and Flynn D (2010) Observations in acute care; evidence based approach to patient safety. Britsh Journal of Nursing. 19(7) 442- 461 This is a narrative review of the literature on different issues affecting acute illness assessment and patient safety conducted by nurses in acute care. Article 4 Odell M (2009) Nurses Role in detecting deterioration in ward patients- a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(10) 1992-2005 This article reviews primary research studies that were conducted between 1992 and 2006. Article 5. Hughes LL (2009) Implementing a patient assessment framework in acute care Nursing Standard 24(3) 35-39 This article describes a service improvement initiative to improve patient assessment using an early warning score system over a4 month period at a Hospital in Birmingham Artcicle 6 Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 This was a survey conducted to discover the nurses practices of taking clinical observations in acute settings. It uses an observation data collecting tool (words 470) Part 2 Critique of one article Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 Introduction The aim of this critique is to identify the stages of the research process in the above article by Wheatley (2009). According to Preston (2010), being able to critically read research based literature is an important skill in reviewing literature sources that are presented in all academic assignments. This activity is an opportunity to examine the strengths and weakness of a research study in relation to the research process steps ( Priest et al, 2007). The critique will consider the nature of the survey approach to research and to compare this to how Wheatley (2006) designed his project. As this article reports on a survey research study using an observational method, it is important to examine the key features of this research design. Therefore the strengths and weaknesses of the research process featured in this article will be discussed. This will include an appraisal of the sample size; data collecting tool and process of collection, the research findings and their relevance to nursing practice. This article reports on a survey type study that utilises an observation data collecting tool. According to Pollit and Bek (2010) surveys are used widely in health care research and are effective for examining a wide number of problems. In this article by Wheatley (2006), the survey is used to discover what nurses actually do when they conduct clinical observations in a medical ward setting. The aim and research questions he identified in the article are clearly written and follow a positivistic, deductive paradigm that is appropriate in a quantitative research study of this type (Gerrish and Lacy, 2006). According to Lobiondo-Wood (2010) a positivistic paradigm considers that what can be seen can be measured. The findings are always presented in number formats. In this article Wheatley (2006) is using an observational tool to view the conduct of nurses undertaking clinical recording of vital signs. This tool would have been structured so that identified behaviours could be investiga ted. Although the data collecting tool was not presented in the article it is clear from the discussion that the tool set about to observe the accuracy of nurses recording blood pressure, temperature, respirations and pulse. The tool also identified which nurses undertook this activity and the time that they took to complete a set of observations for each patient. Priest et al (2006) identify that all researchers need to plan their research studies on a sound review of the literature underpinning the research problem. According to Pollit and Bek (2006) the literature review will provide background information on the problem and will identify what research has already been conducted. In this article Wheatley has presented a review of the literature and it is clear that he has based his study on similar studies conducted in the past. His reference list provides a selection of different literature sources and includes 46 sources that are clearly focused on recording vital signs and 2 on research methodology. This clearly indicates that Wheatley (2006) has structured his study on a sound review of the literature. The sample size in a survey research study has to follow the nature of the quantitative, positivistic approach (Pollit and Bek). This means that the sample size must be large enough to represent the general population it is representing. In this article, Wheatley (2006) has reported on observing 20 cases of nurses conducting observations. This is a very small sample size and statistically would not be considered a positive representation of a good research plan to have such a small for a survey project. However, Wheatley (2006) clearly identifies the limitations this posed to his study and explained that the small sample size was a convenience sample that was appropriate for his planned study. According to Polit and Bek, (2010) a convenience sample is acceptable as it represents the whole population. In this case, Wheatley (2006) has included all the nurses who work on one ward and found that in 18 out of 20 occasions he observed, it was the machine that dominated the recording of pa tients vital signs and that the time nurses spent with the patient was dependent on how long it took the machine to do its job. In 16 occasions, nurses did not record the respiratory rate even when 4 patients were showing signs of respiratory distress like dyspnoea or coughing. Therefore, although 20 in a sample is not considered viable for a survey type project, the use of a convenience sample (Pollit and Bek, 2006) in this case, provides the reader with a strong indication that there are problems in how nurses undertake clinical observations as part of their acute illness assessment. However, for this finding to affect a change in future nursing practice more research using larger sample frames would be useful. The data collecting tool and how data is collected in a study (Priest et al, 2007), is also another important step to appraise in a report on a research study. In this article, Wheatley (2006) has designed an observation tool using structured observations that included time taken to record vital signs; which nurse undertook the assessment (ie qualified or HCA); whether a machine or hand/touch methods were used to record pulse and respirations in particular; how vital signs were recorded on the observation charts. According to Polit and Bek (2006) a good research paper will show the reader how they structured their data collecting tools. In this article, it is clear to see what was observed by carefully examining the graphs and table charts Wheatley (2006) presented in his findings section. At the top or bottom of each chart he writes what behaviour/activity was recorded in his findings. For example, one chart on page 117 has the title which nurses performed the observations and you c an see that of 20 only 2 observations were carried out by a qualified nurse. The other 18 were conducted by the HCA. What Wheatley doesnt do however in his article is consider if being observed in this study changed the nurses behaviour. Polit and Bek (2010) note that in observation studies bias can occur through the Hawthorne effect. This is an effect noted to occur when people realising they are being watched change their behaviour during that process. However, there is no indication this happened here and one can assume therefore, that the behaviour Wheatley (2006) observed was what would normally be expected in patient observation activities. When appraising research papers, Ryan et al (2007) say an important step in this process is to review how well the researcher has presented his findings. In this article Wheatley (2006) has utilised descriptive statistics in a clear format that is easy for the reader to understand. He has used descriptive statistics to convey the findings in simple percentage and number format. For example, it is clear to see that most observations are carried out by HCAs (n =18 or 90%). When numbers are expressed like this it clearly indicates the power of that finding (Polit and Bek, 2010). Another important finding is that in 4 cases nurses failed to record the respiratory rate even when patients were struggling to breathe. Although this is a small percentage (ie n = 4 / 20%), it is worrying to note that any nurse would fail to record the respiratory rate when a patient is clearly showing signs of distress. From these findings, Wheatley (2006) concludes that qualified nurses must take responsibili ty for taking and reviewing how vital signs are recorded in acute care settings if patient safety is to be safeguarded at all times. Overall, the article by Wheatley (2006) is a good example of a research project using a survey method approach to study. Despite noting a small sample frame that could indicate a bias to how the findings can be appraised, it is felt the findings are generally credible and should be appropriate to both inform nursing practice and promote patient safety in acute illness assessment. The steps of the research process are clearly identified throughout the article that demonstrates the researcher has understood how a survey research study should be competently planned for and undertaken and reported on. (TOTAL 1870 WORDS)

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Show how Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas in his songs of Ess

Show how Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas in his songs of Innocence and Experience. Show how Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas in his songs of Innocence and Experience.David Jessup 11A1 Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas by using contrasting, emotive language and also by using characters with opposing opinions and attitudes. In "The Chimney Sweeper" Blake uses characters with different situations and lifestyles to show how distraught the chimney sweeps can be when they are sent away from their families to work at a very young age. In "The chimney Sweeper from "Songs of Innocence" the young boy is described as an "angel" and also as a "lamb", both often used as symbols of innocence and purity. Blake uses symbols of innocence as an alternative way of describing the children as innocent. He used various similes and metaphors in the Innocence poems to make the poems more light hearted and to also convey a sarcastic tone because of the obviously false descriptions. "All of them in coffins of blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an angelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦opened the coffins and set them all free", the coffins of black suggest that by fulfilling their tasks as chimney sweeps the children are going to their eventual death from suffocating or some other form of detath in the dark, smoky chimneys. With language like this Blake managed to portray his beliefs without going against the Church or the State directly. This meant that although he was criticised he could look at both sides of the lives of children without being accused of being single minded or patronising. In "The Chimney Sweeper" from Innocence the narrator is the chimney sweep himself; this is an effective method because Blake can then use the child's... ...he year that orphan children are paraded through the streets in bright colours as soldiers. Blake uses this viewpoint so that a neutral opinion can be gained of both a sinister viewpoint of the parade and a gratuitous viewpoint. "With wands as white as snow," show the beadles as pure and leading the children in a good cause but in Experience the beadles are shown in a different manner. "Fed with a cold and usurous hand?" showing the beadles cruelty and content to be selfish and treat the children as objects not human beings. The poem I like best of all six is "The chimney Sweeper from Experience because it takes the misuse of chilren in a bad situation and describes it in an even darker manner. "They clothed me in the clothes of death", the childs knowledge is invaluable that he knows of his inevitable detah even though he is only a young child.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Pollution Essays -- essays research papers

Pollution, contamination of Earth's environment with materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and their physical surroundings). Although some environmental pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities. There are two main categories of polluting materials, or pollutants. Advertisement Biodegradable pollutants are materials, such as sewage, that rapidly decompose by natural processes. These pollutants become a problem when added to the environment faster than they can decompose (see Sewage Disposal). Nondegradable pollutants are materials that either do not decompose or decompose slowly in the natural environment. Once contamination occurs, it is difficult or impossible to remove these pollutants from the environment. Nondegradable compounds such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and radioactive materials can reach dangerous levels of accumulation as they are passed up the food chain into the bodies of progressively larger animals. For example, molecules of toxic compounds may collect on the surface of aquatic plants without doing much damage to the plants. A small fish that grazes on these plants accumulates a high concentration of the toxin. Larger fish or other carnivores that eat the small fish will accumulate even greater, and possibly life-threatening, concentrations of the compound. This process is known as bioaccumulation. II. Impacts of PollutionPrint section Because humans are at the top of the food chain, they are particularly vulnerable to the effects of nondegradable pollutants. This was clearly illustrated in the 1950s and 1960s when residents living near Minamata Bay, Japan, developed nervous disorders, tremors, and paralysis in a mysterious epidemic. More than 400 people died before authorities discovered that a local industry had released mercury into Minamata Bay. This highly toxic element accumulated in the bodies of local fish and eventually in the bodies of people who consumed the fish. More recently research has revealed that many chemical pollutants, such as DDT and PCBs, mimic sex hormones and interfere with the human body's reproductive and developmental functions. These substances are known as endocrine disrupters. See Occupationa... ...es of excessive noise. Page 1 of 2 See an outline for this article. How to cite this article  © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Advertisement Related Articles Air Pollution bioindicators of environmental damage More... Books Encarta recommends Search for books about Pollution at BarnesandNoble.com Periodicals Search for periodical articles about Pollution in Electric Library. Free registration required Encarta Training Center Search for courses and materials on Pollution Internet Search from MSN Search News from MSNBC Related Web Sites EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency Noise Pollution Clearinghouse More Details Also on Encarta 10 words you should know Qwest: managed solutions Also on MSN MSN Pets: facts about furry friends Real estate tips from HomeAdvisor Our Partners The Princeton Review Studentloan.com Encarta Reference Library Learn about our award-winning CD and DVD products Please rate Encarta's 1 2 3 4 5 -select a reason- Exactly what I needed Was too technical Didn't provide enough detail Was out of date article on this topic. Poor Excellent Main reason for your rating